The Right To Die Essays (1712 words) - Medical Ethics, Euthanasia

The Right To Die In John A. Robertson's essay, Cruzan: No Rights Violated, he argues that the decision made by the Missouri Supreme Court to deny Nancy Beth Cruzan's parents' request to have their daughter's artificial nutrition and hydration tube removed was not a violation of Nancy Beth Cruzan's right to refuse treatment because she had not personally refused treatment. Robertson also claims that keeping Cruzan alive with this particular medical treatment does not alienate her constitutional rights, or her parents'. Robertson states that, A permanently vegetative patient does not have interests that can be harmed, simply because he/she cannot feel pain and doesn't know his/her present condition. Robertson then goes on to say that simply assuming that one would decline treatment in that situation because of his/her prior beliefs is not enough evidence to maintain that the directive was, in fact, released by the said person, and to relieve their self from a state law that orders such a treatment, the person must have released a directive against that particular treatment. If one were to argue that an incompetent patient has the right to have their medical treatment decided by another person on the presumption that it follows with the patient's previous beliefs, Robertson would declare that the patient is much different than they were before and does not reserve a constitutional right to be managed in the same way they would have been. In placing the right to decide Nancy's treatment in her parents' hands, her parents would be acting in their own interests according to Robertson, and in choosing to stop medical treatment of their daughter, they would be denying their child medical care deemed necessary by the state, which is illegal. With this in mind, Robertson says that the Supreme Court should not extend a family's privacy to include the refusal of necessary treatment when the [above] treatment is not causing harm to the child. Next Robertson says that if a person wants to refuse treatment while incompetent, it is their obligation to make a directive before becoming incompetent in order to refuse treatment on the principle of that particular directive, and that requiring this is not an undue burden on persons who wish to issue directives against medical care when incompetent. If clear evidence does not exist in a past directive, Robertson says that providing the treatment does not alienate a person's right to regulate his/her own care because of the lack of evidence. Robertson says that people who criticize the rulings of the Cruzan case tend to find the Missouri Supreme Court's decision to not allow Nancy's parents to have their daughter's nutrition and hydration line removed unconstitutional because they overlook the distinctions that he makes in this essay. By looking at these distinctions, Robertson believes that people will see that treating Nancy Cruzan despite her parents' dissent does not violate anyone's constitutional rights. Lastly, Robertson states Missouri, like most other states, should permit the family to stop Nancy's treatment and end their own ordeal. But Missouri violates no constitutional rights in choosing otherwise. The part about Robertson's argument that I disagree with the most is when he says that keeping Nancy connected to the feeding tube does not violate her parents' constitutional rights. According to the First Amendment of the Constitution of the United States, one has the freedom to petition the government for a redress of grievances and the Fourteenth Amendment states that, The stated cannot deprive any person of life, liberty or property, without due process of law, nor deny any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. With these in mind, it is clear that leaving Nancy connected to the tube is violating her parents' rights. Her parents are going through plenty of grievances watching their daughter lay there and waste away to nothing because she did not specifically say in writing that she did not want to be attached to a feeding and hydrating line if she ever becomes brain dead. That is inflicting pain and sorrow on her parents and is violating their pursuit o f happiness. According to the First Amendment, the Cruzan family has the right to petition the government to have those grievances removed. Robertson says

abstract expressiom Essay

abstract expressiom Essay abstract expressiom Essay A new vanguard emerged in the early 1940s, primarily in New York, where a small group of loosely affiliated artists created a stylistically diverse body of work that introduced radical new directions in art- and shifted the art world's focus. Never a formal association, the artists known as "Abstract Expressionists" or "The New York School" did, however, share some common assumptions. Among others, artists such as Jackson Pollock (1912–1956), Willem de Kooning (1904–1997), Franz Kline (1910–1962), Lee Krasner (1908–1984), Robert Motherwell (1915–1991), William Baziotes (1912–1963), Mark Rothko (1903–1970), Barnett Newman (1905–1970), Adolph Gottlieb (1903–1974), Richard Pousette-Dart (1916–1992), and Clyfford Still (1904–1980) advanced audacious formal inventions in a search for significant content. Breaking away from accepted conventions in both technique and subject matter, the artists made monumentally sc aled works that stood as reflections of their individual psyches- and in doing so, attempted to tap into universal inner sources. These artists valued spontaneity and improvisation, and they accorded the highest importance to process. Their work resists stylistic categorization, but it can be clustered around two basic inclinations: an emphasis on dynamic, energetic gesture, in contrast to a reflective, cerebral focus on more open fields of color. In either case, the imagery was primarily abstract. Even when depicting images based on visual realities, the Abstract Expressionists favored a highly abstracted mode. Abstract Expressionism developed in the context of diverse, overlapping sources and inspirations. Many of the young artists had made their start in the 1930s. The Great Depression yielded two popular art movements, Regionalism and Social Realism, neither of which satisfied this group of artists' desire to find a content rich with meaning and redolent of social responsibility, yet free of provincialism and explicit politics. The Great Depression also spurred the development of government relief programs, including the Works Progress Administration (WPA), a jobs program for unemployed Americans in which many of the group participated, and which allowed so many artists to establish a career path. But it was the exposure to and assimilation of European modernism that set the stage for the most advanced American art. There were several venues in New York for seeing avant-garde art from Europe. The Museum of Modern Art had opened in 1929, and there artists saw a rapidly growing collection acquired by director Alfred H. Barr, Jr. They were also exposed to groundbreaking temporary exhibitions of new work, including Cubism and Abstract Art (1936), Fantastic Art, Dada, Surrealism (1936–37), and retrospectives of , Là ©ger, and , among others. Another forum for viewing the most advanced art was Albert Gallatin's Museum of Living Art, which was housed at New York University from 1927 to 1943. There the Abstract Expressionists saw the work of Mondrian, Gabo, El Lissitzky, and others. The forerunner of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum- the Museum of Non-Objective Painting- opened in 1939. Even prior to that date, its collection of Kandinskys had been publicly exhibited several t imes. The lessons of European modernism were also disseminated through teaching. The German expatriate Hans Hofmann (1880–1966) became the most influential teacher of modern art in the United States, and his impact reached both artists and critics. The crisis of war and its aftermath are key to understanding the concerns of the Abstract Expressionists. These young artists, troubled by man's dark side and anxiously aware of human irrationality and vulnerability, wanted to express their concerns in a new art of meaning and substance. Direct contact with European artists increased as a result of World War II, which caused so many- including Dalà ­, Ernst, Masson, Breton, Mondrian, and Là ©ger- to seek refuge in the U.S. The opened up new possibilities with their

Analyze Tasty Burger from Boston though political lens Essay

Analyze Tasty Burger from Boston though political lens - Essay Example The owners are the founders and partners of the firm, and they are David Dubois, Maureen McLaughlin, Phil Audino, and Bryan Reyelt. These internal stakeholders are depicted in various ways in the interviews, from being passive aggressive to being in a way cool and helpful and encouraging when it comes to dealing with the employees. There is also the sense of the owners/partners being very hands on and involved with the daily operations. This can be because it is young chain and that there are only three branches at present. (Amber, 2013; Miller, 2013; Reyelt, 2013; Gotreau, 2013; Dan, 2013; Ed, 2013; Wash, 2013; Richard, 2013; Audino, 2013; Tasty Burger Holding, 2011). One key issue with the owners/partners is that there is evidence of them not being able to trust people outside of a core group. Insiders get the bonuses and the inside track on promotions and future plans, but outsiders are left in the dark, and are generally not treated as well. For instance, whereas Ed at Fenway was privy to expansion plans and received bonuses on an annual basis, Dan at Harvard Square did not even know that there is a bonus or rewards program in place for people at their level. The bar manager, meanwhile, was not even aware that there is an expansion plan being pushed, even though she was in charge of a group, bars and wines basically that spanned all of the Tasty Burger branches. This latter is evidence that the owners did not share plans with all, but only with those that they deem trustworthy enough. Looking at the interview with Phil Audino, meanwhile, one sees that the trust issue is at play when the group decided to make one of the partners, Brian, the director for Marketing. The reason cited here is that the use of an outsider didn’t cut it, because they needed someone who knew what it is like to run the business from the inside. The group’s bias towards an insider is very evident here, and conversely so too is the owners’ distrust generally of out siders. One can also say that key employees can be thought of as constituting the internal stakeholders at Tasty Burger. From the interviews, some of the employees who have been promoted and are being eyed to play larger roles during and after the expansion are part of the internal stakeholders too. The store manager at Southie, Amber, notes that in general the treatment of the managers and key people is generally fairly good, but that the treatment of the non-core personnel, the ordinary staff, can be awful. This tells us too that directionally, the thrust is to treat management personnel as key people who are to be part of the internal stakeholders of the company in the long term (Amber, 2013; Miller, 2013; Reyelt, 2013; Gotreau, 2013; Dan, 2013; Ed, 2013; Wash, 2013; Richard, 2013; Audino, 2013; Tasty Burger Holding, 2011; Tasty Burger Holding, n.d.). That said, strictly speaking ordinary staff are internal stakeholders too. It is not a surprise though that as can be gleaned from Amber’s comments, that they are considered as inessential or replaceable and not a part of the long-term plans of the organization. The curt replies in the interviews also further reinforce the notion that the ordinary staff have either low engagement with the company, as reflected in the focus on pay and working to get paid, or else that they are passive about their own future about the firm, taking into consideration that they have not been treated well

How did the rise of the corporation affect the United States What Essay

How did the rise of the corporation affect the United States What factors helped corporations form, and - Essay Example The strategy gave rise to big businesses that led to fewer people controlling the market. The presence of machines for agriculture made the United States pioneer in productions of agricultural products. The rise of the corporations transformed the United States because its economy matured (Sauvant, Mendoza & Irmak, 2008). During this time, there was a rapid expansion of big business and the rise of national labor unions. Despite all positive effects, the rise of the corporations led to the rise of wars against Americans and the removal of indigenous people from their early homes. The rise of corporations led to the growth of the population in urban centers. It also enhanced the proportion of immigrants. The most affected individuals lived in the urban centers due to the need to expand agricultural fields (Sauvant, Mendoza & Irmak,

Risk management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Risk management - Essay Example Financial risk management provides the basis for managing assets and liabilities at banking level. For instance, it can be used to strengthen the capital position of a bank and help banks in predicting future risks etc. (DENNIS G. UYEMURA, et al., 1992). The fall of 2008 experienced intense financial crises which were significantly unique in nature as people and investors were not willing to trust banks in any manner. They were completely reluctant in lending or trading money with the major banks within the United States. There are several reasons for the overall financial crises including extensive borrowing, poor and investment decisions. However, the most substantial reason is that there was lack of transparency. People were unable to evaluate from the bank’s disclosures that whether or not a particular bank was going to thrive for the foreseeable future. At the same time the risk management strategies used by majority of the banks were not clear to the general public. Dane Holmes, the investor relations head at Goldman Sachs says that the general people, whose percentage is far more than intellectual investors, do not trust the big banks operating in the country due to the transparency factor which has finally led these b anks to a stage where they are facing extensive issues related to capital and investments (FRANK PARTNOY, et al., 2013). Goldman Sachs had acquired more than required liquid assets before the start of financial crisis in 2008. These assets were significantly hard to sell. However, their strategy proved beneficial for the bank as it faced minimum loss during the crisis. The assets included high yield debts, loans, stocks and bonds emerging in the financial market and the private equity investments. Consequently, the bank had $172 billion in the first four months of 2008 which made up for 14% of the total balance sheet amount.

Heteromultimeric Channels Formed by Potassium Channel

Heteromultimeric Channels Formed by Potassium Channel Heteromultimeric channels formed by rat brain potassium-channel proteins SUMMARY Coexpression of RCK specific mRNAs in several regions of the brain suggested the presence of heteromultimeric potassium channels. These differ in properties compared to several copies of identical subunits in homomultimeric potassium channels, hence provides diversity. The aim of this study was to understand the components and compositions of the heteromultimeric potassium channels. RCK proteins are vital in the formation of the voltage-gated potassium channels. Normally species containing RCK proteins have homomultimeric potassium channels. In this experiment rats RCK variants: RCK1 and RCK4 were expressed in Xenopus oocytes and HeLa cells and tested their sensitivity against a K+ channel blocker (TEA). Normally K+ channels in HeLa cells do not rectify outward currents. However transfecting with plasmids consisting either cDNA RCK1 or cDNA RCK4, both resulted in outward rectifying K+ current. According to the method by Chen and Okayama, they were cultured by a standard protocol. Same pulse and cells were tested using the whole-cell patch configuration to measure the current. RCK1 and RCK4 channels both mediated a transient K+ outward current. In the presence of TEA, RCK4 is completely insensitive with 50% recovery time of 7.3(+/-3.4)s. Whereas RCK1 channels showed high sensitivity with complete blockage of current. However when cotransfection of cDNA RCK1,4 into HeLA cells resulted in a depolarising voltage step to 0mV, with outward currents consisting of an initial transient current followed by a non-inactivating component. In addition to TEA, similar expression as RCK1 channels with sensitivity and almost half blockage of current at 10mM, with 50% recovery time of 2.1(+/-0.5)s . F urther, increase in TEA to 100mM lead to complete blockage of the currents. Therefore due to different expression from homomultimeric RCK4 channels, these suggested that the cotransfection either mediated homomultimeric RCK1 channels or heteromultimeric channels being indistinguishable from RCK1 channels. Further examining of differing properties in voltage-dependent gating and conductance of the channels mediating the transient currents was done by injecting RCKs into Xenopus oocyte with cRNAs. Cell-attached marco patches configuration was used, allowing more voltage control with the presence of 10mM TEA solution. The oocyte was injected with cRNA RCKs and results of peak amplitudes of the transient currents against the voltage obtained were graphed, enabling the analysis of the saturation and inactivation behaviour. Paired conditioning and test pulses both were made to avoid test-pulse involved inactivation. Oocytes with RCK4 specific cRNA resulted in transient current peak showing no saturation until 40mV and began to inactivate during the test pulse, with 16.5(+-2.5)s at 50% recovery. Whereas coinjected RCK1,4 cRNA showed steep and shifted about 15mV towards more positive potential (~20mV) inactivation curve, with 5.7(+/-1.8)s at 50% recovery. This implied little inactivation duri ng the test pulse with faster recovery compared to RCK4 specific. Examining the gating of K+ channels resulted in linear and superlinear shape for coinjected and RCK4 specific oocytes channel opening respectively. Therefore the saturation and response of open gated channel from both coinjected HeLa and transfected oocyte cells support the characteristic of the opening of different channels and not from different activation kinetics. RCK 1,4 combinations showed intermediate sensitivity and faster recovery from inactivation to DTX and TEA, compared to homomultimeric RCK1 and RCK4 subunits. Results showed that RCK 1,4 inactivation were similar to RCK4 and single channel conductance being similar to RCK1. Overall, these results strongly support the suggestion of coexpression of RCK1 and RCK4 subunits which assemble to make a heteromultimeric RCK 1,4 channels with differing properties from homomultimeric channels.

Battle of the Bulge - A World War 2 Battle :: World War II History

Battle of the Bulge - A World War 2 Battle The World War Two was a very severe war. There were many battles that were fought during it. One of the biggest land battles was Battle of the Bulge. (http://helios.) The battle took place on December 16, 1944 under cover a very dense fog which was very difficult for the army to see. (Danzer et. al. 744) These conditions are hard to see in but to stage of the biggest land battle in the history of World War Two, it was truly an astounding event and a very tragic memory. The battle was fought in a heavily forested Ardennes region of eastern Belgium and northern Luxembourg (http://www.mm.) The fact that the battle was fought in a heavy forested area, with the conditions of the fog made the battle more dangerous, because the sight was poor and there was no clue where the opposite army was hidden. The Battle of the Bulge was a very vicious battle that had taken place. The battle included 600,000 Germans, 500,000 Americans and 55,000 British. (http://helios.) More than one million of the worlds' men fought in this battle. It claimed 100,000 German casualties, killed wounded or captured, 81,000 American casualties, including 23,554 captured and 19,000 killed, 1,400 British casualties and 200 killed. (http://www.mm.) This was a massive amount of people to be killed in one horrible battle in the world's history. The Germans led by Hitler went westward, they captured 120 American GI's near Malmedy, they herded the prisoners into a field and shot them with machine guns and pistols. (Danzer et. al. 744) This was a very vicious thing that the Germans had done to the US GI's. The American troops led by Brigadier General Anthony McAuliffe led the troops to Bastogne, a city of Belgium, were badly surrounded and our numbered by the Germans, that is were the American troops were demanded to surrender. (Danzer et. al. 744). In the end there were 800 tanks lost on each side, and 1,000 German aircraft lost as well. (http://www.mm.) This was a lot of machinery to have lost Hitler could not replace all the things he lost, so he had nothing left to do but to retreat. The way the battle had ended had the feeling of it being unfinished. The allies were credited in holding the Germans back. (http://helios.) This was a good thing because the Germans lost most of their resources, and the most important of all things, time.